Pronoun

Pronoun คือคำสรรพนาม สามารถใช้แทนคำนามได้ เช่น he, she, it, which เพื่อทำให้ประโยคสละสลวยมากขึ้น คำสรรพนามมีอยู่ด้วยกันหลายแบบดังนี้

1. Personal Pronoun
2. Demonstrative Pronoun
3. Interrogative Pronoun
4. Relative Pronoun
5. Indefinite Pronoun
6. Reflexive Pronoun
7. Intensive Pronoun

1. Personal Pronoun หมายถึงคำสรรพนามที่ใช้แทนบุคคล หรือสิ่งของ Personal pronoun มีอยู่ด้วยกัน 3 แบบคือ
1.1 Subjective Personal Pronoun คือคำสรรพนามที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นประธานของประโยค ได้แก่ I, you, we, they, he, she, it ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. He is new employee.
B. We are going to make QCC presentation tomorrow.
C. She expects to get higher salary the end of this year.

1.2 Objective Personal Pronoun คือคำสรรพนามที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นกรรมของประโยค ได้แก่ me, you, her, him, it, us, them ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. After reading the letter, Samorn throws it into the garbage can.
B. Customer will send us the rejected parts next Monday.
C. Supplier would not like to talk to him.

1.3 Possessive Personal Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่ใช้แสดงความเป็นเจ้าของ ได้แก่ mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs (ข้อควรสังเกตุคือ Possessive Personal Pronoun มีลักษณะคล้ายกับ Possessive Adjectives ได้แก่ my, your, her, his, our, its, their) ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. That report is mine.
B. Ours is the rejected one on the table.
C. His is in production line.

2. Demonstrative Pronoun คือคำสรรพนามเป็นตัวบ่งชี้ถึงคำนามหรือคำสรรพนาม ได้แก่ this, that, these, those ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. This belongs to Training Department.
B. The customer wanted these.
C. That cannot prove whether we are right or wrong.

3. Interrogative Pronoun คือ คำกลุ่มคำที่ใช้ในการตั้งคำถาม ได้แก่ who, whom, which, what ข้อสังเกตคือ who จะใช้ในกรณีเป็นประธานของประโยค ส่วน whom ใช้เป็นกรรมของประโยค ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. Who sent out this scrap report?
B. Whom do you want to hire?
C. What is the root cause of this issue?

4. Relative Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่ใช้ในการเชื่อมข้อความ ได้แก่ who, whom, that, which, whoever, whomever, whichever ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. You can invite whoever you like to attend the seminar.
B. The employees who work hard will get more money.
C. The tooling which was disqualified has been moved to scrap area.

5. Indefinite Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่ใช้ในการบ่งชี้จำนวนคนหรือสิ่งของ คำสรรพนามประเภทนี้ที่พบบ่อย ๆ ได้แก่ all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. Many were invited to join lunch meeting with management team.
B. Make sure you give everyone pay slip this evening.
C. You can do everything you want if you are the owner.

6. Reflexive Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่กล่าวอ้างถึงประธานของข้อความนั้นในประโยค ได้แก่ myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. I ask myself why I cannot find the root cause of bent stiffener.
B. We promised ourselves to finish the report before 6 pm.
C. Daneeyan usually remembers to send a copy of his e-mail to himself.

7. Intensive Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่ใช้เน้นในสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นด้วยตัวของผู้กระทำเอง คำสรรพนามประเภทนี้จะเหมือนกัน Reflexive Pronoun ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. I myself believe that this PCCA lot comes from Mektec, not Belton.
B. The driver himself said that there is no invoice attached with the shipment.
C. They themselves expect to get the result of evaluation lot next week.

Translation Tenchniques Found in Manufacturing Magazines

Manufacturing magazines sent to my company as monthly basis are the valuable data to understand what kinds of technique translators use to interpret the meaning from source language (English) into receptor language (Thai) or vice versa. As roughly take a look and review the data, the techniques are found as follows:

1. Adding Information
SL : The Chinese and Malaysia automotive markets are growing rapidly.
RL : ปัจจุบันตลาดรถยนต์จีนและมาเลเซียถือได้ว่ากำลังเจริญเติบโตอย่างรวดเร็ว

As can be seen, "ปัจจุบัน" and "ถือได้ว่า" are not found in SL. But, translator adds them to make the translated version explicit and to sound natural in RL.

2. Implicit to Explicit
SL : China represents an opportunity for Thai parts manufacturers to enter and penetrate these two markets.
RL : จึงเป็นโอกาสที่ผู้ผลิตชิ้นส่วนไทยจะเข้าไปเปิดตลาดทั้งสองประเทศนี้

As can bee seen in SL, the original text says "these two markets" which means "ทั้งสองตลาดนี้" in the translated text. But, translator selects "ทั้งสองประเทศนี้-these two countries" to make the meaning clearer and easier to understand for Thai readers as it sounds natural.

3. Changing Parts of Speech
SL : Therefore, the company turned to the development of its surface metal coating process to become more efficient.
RL : ดังนั้นบริษัทจึงหันมาพัฒนากระบวนการชุบโลหะที่มีอยู่แล้วให้มีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น

As can be seen, the word "development" must be translated as "การพัฒนา" which its parts of speech is noun. In order to sound natural, "พัฒนา" is selected for target language.

4. Omission of Sentence Connector
SL : As a result, the company expanded its working area from a few shop houses and 4-5 workers to a new factory of over 6,000 square meters area…
RL : บริษัทจึงได้ขยายพื้นที่การทำงานเพิ่มขึ้นจากเดิมที่เป็นห้องแถวมีพนักงาน 4-5 คน มาสร้างเป็นโรงงานใหม่พื้นที่กว่า 6,000 ตรม...

"As a result" is skipped in the translated version as you can see. The traslator intends to skip "as a result" because this omission will not affect the whole meaning of sentence and paragraph.

5. Switching Word Function/Location
SL : Difference is in the Expertise.
RL : ความเชี่ยวชาญคือความแตกต่าง

As can be seen, the translator changes the function of word between "difference" and "expertise" when translation is done. The "difference" as subject of sentence is changed to object of sentence while "expertise" is swithed from object to subject. This technique is also employed to make the translated text sound natural and clear.

Note : SL stands for Source Language. RL stands for Receptor Language.

To sum up, the techniques found in the translated version are mostly used to make the translated text sound natural and clear in meaning for Thai readers. The other point that we must take into account is the Thai structure and grammar which direct the impact to translation. So, the translated version sounds like it is written in Thai by Thai. This is one of the important objectives for all translators. The other techniques would be presented later in next article.

Quiz II Mark of Business Translation I

44151018 = 22 (3.7)
48151001 = 24.5 (4.1)
48151002 = 24 (4)
48151005 = 19.5 (3.3)
48151006 = 20 (3.3)
48151009 = 17 (2.8)
48151010 = 22 (3.7)
48151011 = 18.5 (3.1)
48151014 = 19.5 (3.3)
48151015 = 18.5 (3.1)
48151016 = 17.5 (2.9)
48151017 = 17 (2.8)
48151018 = 29 (4.8)
48151021 = 14 (2.3)
48151022 = 22.5 (3.8)
48151023 = 27.5 (4.8)
48151026 = 21 (3.5)
48151028 = 24.5 (4.1)
48151029 = 15.5 (2.6)
48151031 = 10 (1.7)
49151501 = 0 (0) [absent]

Vocabulary for Final Exam of Business Translation I

Here are the vocabularies being found in the final examination of Business Translation I. To facilitate your final exam, you must prepare the meaning of all words given in the picture file at your left hand side. You can double click on it. Then, the visible words are pop-up....Noted that only one meaning for one word may not be enough to suit the meaning in the given context. For sure, you must carefully check up the other meanings in a dictionary as well. It would be more beneficial and practical if you use English-English Dictionary for meaning search. Well-prepared is half-done.......

Quiz I Mark of Business Translation I

44151018 = 17 (2.8)
48151001 = 21.5 (3.6)
48151002 = 12.5 (2.1)
48151005 = 10 (1.7)
48151006 = 18.5 (3.1)
48151009 = 8.5 (1.4)
48151010 = 15 (2.5)
48151011 = 15 (2.5)
48151014 = 23 (3.8)
48151015 = 17.5 (2.9)
48151016 = 16.5 (2.8)
48151017 = 14 (2.3)
48151018 = 25 (4.2)
48151021 = 14 (2.3)
48151022 = 8.5 (1.4)
48151023 = 22 (3.7)
48151026 = 19.5 (3.3)
48151028 = 15.5 (2.6)
48151029 = 6.5 (1.1)
48151031 = 5.5 (0.9)
49151501 = 12.5 (2.1)

The second quiz score is going to be uploaded tomorrow......

Midterm Mark of Business Translation I

44151018 = 35 (21.88)
48151001 = 38 (23.75)
48151002 = 29.5 (18.44)
48151005 = 32.5 (20.31)
48151006 = 22.3 (13.91)
48151009 = 18.5 (11.56)
48151010 = 25.5 (15.94)
48151011 = 24 (15)
48151014 = 25 (15.63)
48151015 = 22.5 (14.06)
48151016 = 37.5 (23.44)
48151017 = 13 (8.13)
48151018 = 37.5 (23.44)
48151021 = 24.5 (15.31)
48151022 = 15 (9.38)
48151023 = 34 (21.25)
48151026 = 20.5 (12.81)
48151028 = 27 (16.88)
48151029 = 16 (10)
48151031 = 16.5 (10.31)
49151501 = 21.5 (13.44)

CONGRATULATIONS !!!!!! to KARNJANA who gets highest score........

For the one who cannot pass the exam, don't worry too much. Just try your best to get more score from quiz, translation project, attendance and final exam. The more you read, the more you get. CHEER UP !!!!!

Make-up Schedule

Here are our make-up schedules. Be punctual to attend the class !!!!!

Day/ Date/ Time/ Room Number/ Subject

1. Sat/ 26-Jan-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ BT
2. Sat/ 02-Feb-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ MM
3. Sat/ 09-Feb-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ BT
4. Sat/ 16-Feb-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ BT
5. Sat/ 23-Feb-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ MM

Note :

MM is English for Management and Marketing.
BT is Business Translation I.

If any changes on schedule and room number, I will keep you updated.

Importance of Correct Grammar Used in Business Writing

In business context, writing is one of persuasive communication channels to internal and external organization. In order to enable yourself to write correctly, you must pay special attention on language structure. Then, you can put words in a right place to make your audience understand what you’d like to say. Someone might observe that it is quite difficult to make it happened even though they have studied English since they were at primary school, maybe earlier for someone. But, they still cannot use in an effective way when they deal with foreigners, westerners and English speakers in Asian countries, particularly they are in global business atmosphere. Most people never know what grammatical difference in use between “because” and “because of” when they encounter this kind of conjunction.

As of today, not only Sales Representative and Marketing Officer must speak and use English effectively, but also Engineer people must perform their jobs well with English ability in use. They would have to discuss the engineering issues with their team in overseas to clarify the spec and qualification process to satisfy customer’s need and expectation to run the international business. All wordings used in engineering field are mostly technical term and jargon which they comprehend among people in their field. Even though they use their jargon effectively, they still cannot reach their goals if they perform ill-formed English for communication.

At this stage, it would be assumed that all learners should start acquiring the fundamental grammar to assure the proper competency ready for working life condition. Correctness of grammar used in real life situation is obviously important as it reveals our English competency and ability in use and application. The bright reason is that writers have enough time to correct any mistakes on their writing task prior to publish. So, the readers might not accept any mistakes on writing. The writing performance will show writers’ intellectual level and English capability. In business world, it is said that good writing could possibly make profit. On the other hand, it could also possibly make loss if bad writing is conducted.

Words in similar meaning - Work, Job, Task

In business environment, we are familiar with serveral words relating to activity of doing something like 'work', 'job' and 'task': considering 3 words as noun. They are literally similar meaning as they are all meant to activities done by businessmen. To enhance our comprehension in particular, let's go through each specific meaning respectively.

"Work"
1.) activity directed toward making or doing something; "she checked several points needing further work".
2.) a product produced or accomplished through the effort or activity or agency of a person or thing; "it is not regarded as one of his more memorable works.", "the symphony was hailed as an ingenious work.", "he was indebted to the pioneering work of John Dewey", "the work of an active imagination.", "erosion is the work of wind or water over time".

"Job"
1.) the principal activity in your life that you do to earn money; "he's not in my line of business".
2.) a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specific fee; "estimates of the city's loss on that job ranged as high as a million dollars", "the job of reparing the engine took several hours".
3.) the performance of a piece of work; "she did an outstanding job as Ophelia.", "he gave it up a bad job."
4.) the responsibility to do something; "it is their job to print the truth."
5.) an object worked on; a result procuded by working; "he held the job in his left hand and worked on in with his right."

"Task"
1.) any piece of work that is undertaken or attempted; "he prepared for great undertakings."
2.) a specific piece of work required to be done as a duty or for a specifice fee.

The Use of -STOP-

Most senders are confused when they use verb "stop" to convey the meaning of quitting activity/something to receiver. They frequently place "to" to split out the verb subsequent to "stop". If they, in general, want to mean "Don't do anything", the form must be:

stop + noun/gerund [meaning : stop something/doing something]

Example : The students must know that smoking can cause lung cancer. So, they should stop smoking anyway.
Meaning : .... stop smoking ..... [Students won't smoke.]

But, someone keep saying "Please stop to smoke". If they address this kind of sentence to ask someone not to smoke, the meaning is contradicted. "Please stop to smoke" means "please stop what you are doing in order to smoke" or "please smoke by quitting what you are doing". So, don't put "to" after "stop" when you want to ask someone not to do something. You can put "to" after "stop" if you want to ask someone to stop something in order to do something.

In summary, "stop" can convey two sets of meaning with "to" and without "to". With "to" means "Take an action" while without "to" means "Don't take an action".

Example 1 [with "to"]

The orders given by customer are very low now, you should stop to solve this issue.
Meaning = The orders given by customer are very low now, you should solve this issue by quitting other activity. Or, the orders given by customer are very low now, you should stop other activity to solve the issue.

Example 2 [without "to"]

The customers comment our junk mail sent to them, please stop sending irrelevant messages to them.
Meaning = The customers comment our junk mail sent to them, please don't send irrelevant messages to them.

Long Holiday's Plans

My long holiday would start again end of this week from 20-Oct to 22-Oct due to King Chulalongkorn Day. Exactly, it must be 23-Oct, not 22-Oct. But, my company have to think which shut-down date should be efficient between 22-Oct and 23-Oct because 1-day shutdown can identify gain or loss for manufacturing. Finally, the best way is to shut down on 22-Oct. This is why I can enjoy 3 holidays (Sat, Sun, and Mon).

But, what I am thinking is that I might take 1 day annual leave on 23-Oct to have 4 holidays. Even I work on 23-Oct, I have nothing to do because my customer holiday is 23-Oct, not 22-Oct like mine. Most of my jobs depends on customer requirement as daily basis. I have been hired here to serve all customer's needs. So, my main responsibility is to fully satisfy them by employing various strategies dealing with each of them carefully since individual working style is particularly different in term of characteristic and personality. They are sometimes easier to work with. But, when we (my company and customer) run to critical period of any kinds of supply shortage, they might forcefully put pressure on us to come out the solution and action coping with the issues. As such, I would not have any phone call from customer or any urgent tasks to complete on that day if I come to work.

After consideration, it would be better if I spend my 3 holidays with completing my lesson plans and texts for next semester. In addition, I should prepare teaching material like powerpoint and think further how to make my class better and more interesting than last semester. Next semester would be my carzy period because I have to work 5 days (Mon - Fri) at my company and 1 day (Sun) for my class at EAU from 09:00 to 16:00. Besides, I might be assigned by my boss to have in-house training of Writing in English and Grammar from 18:00 to 20:00 every Mon, Wed, and Fri. God blesses me !!!!!!!!!!!

My Best Friend's Wedding Day

Congratulations!!! to one of my best friends "Puk". I've just opened up my mail and found that she will get married end of this year (2007). My friends and I wish that she would get rid of single and boring life as she has walked alone quite long time ago, 30s years at least. I actually cannot say that. The fact is that she has many guys willing to marry her. But, she is always in doubt who is the best for her selection since she would seek for the perfect guy having no parent, brother and sister, and relatives. Don't think that she is crazy. She has her own reasons caused by her background and past experiences. One of her reasons I knew is when she falls in love, she always put 100% reliance on her lover. It means that she prefers to stick with her boyfriend all the time. Besides, she can completely leave the group of freinds in order to spend her times with him. Anyway, we (my friends and I) understand her intention actually.

The other point to think about is what kind of wedding gift I should find for her. Her social community is switched from student when she was in the university to air hostess career. I wouldn't know how her life style has been gradually changed so far as she has worked in this career since the first day after student's life. As we knew, air hostess is considered as high-class level of job comparing to other kinds of career. I think this perception is applicable and acceptable solely in Thailand. No matter what it is good or bad. She is my friend. So, I might buy her a simple gift like doll, novel book, and so on. Let me think out later.

Wonderful !!! Oxford Thailand Website

I have just had a chance to visit Oxford Thailand website at http://www.oxfordthailand.com/ to review the lists of texts related to English learning and teaching. What attracts and surprises me a lot is linguistics catalogue link allowing us to downlaod the full text with FOC (free of charge). So, it is a best time for me to have additional linguistics texts at my personal library (my home).

Apart from linguistics texts, they also have lots of Business English texts which make me easily search for my students. Exactly, this website would shorten my searching process and benefit me a lot in term of knowledgable warehouse.

Promise !! I will access this website as my routine to ensure I would stick with the updated information of new published texts.......(for free download).

What I am now further thinking is that I should access Cambridge Thailand website to compare the advantages and disadvantages to Oxford Thailand website. I personally believe that both would be equally good quality of on-line service. Cambridge Thailand website would be better for me if I am authorised to have free download of Business English texts which is not available at their competitor website.

บันทึกการสอน

ภาคการศึกษาต้น/ 2550
Business Reading
Business Writing

ภาคการศึกษาปลาย/ 2550
Business Translation I
English for Marketing and Management