Pronoun

Pronoun คือคำสรรพนาม สามารถใช้แทนคำนามได้ เช่น he, she, it, which เพื่อทำให้ประโยคสละสลวยมากขึ้น คำสรรพนามมีอยู่ด้วยกันหลายแบบดังนี้

1. Personal Pronoun
2. Demonstrative Pronoun
3. Interrogative Pronoun
4. Relative Pronoun
5. Indefinite Pronoun
6. Reflexive Pronoun
7. Intensive Pronoun

1. Personal Pronoun หมายถึงคำสรรพนามที่ใช้แทนบุคคล หรือสิ่งของ Personal pronoun มีอยู่ด้วยกัน 3 แบบคือ
1.1 Subjective Personal Pronoun คือคำสรรพนามที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นประธานของประโยค ได้แก่ I, you, we, they, he, she, it ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. He is new employee.
B. We are going to make QCC presentation tomorrow.
C. She expects to get higher salary the end of this year.

1.2 Objective Personal Pronoun คือคำสรรพนามที่ทำหน้าที่เป็นกรรมของประโยค ได้แก่ me, you, her, him, it, us, them ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. After reading the letter, Samorn throws it into the garbage can.
B. Customer will send us the rejected parts next Monday.
C. Supplier would not like to talk to him.

1.3 Possessive Personal Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่ใช้แสดงความเป็นเจ้าของ ได้แก่ mine, yours, hers, his, its, ours, theirs (ข้อควรสังเกตุคือ Possessive Personal Pronoun มีลักษณะคล้ายกับ Possessive Adjectives ได้แก่ my, your, her, his, our, its, their) ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. That report is mine.
B. Ours is the rejected one on the table.
C. His is in production line.

2. Demonstrative Pronoun คือคำสรรพนามเป็นตัวบ่งชี้ถึงคำนามหรือคำสรรพนาม ได้แก่ this, that, these, those ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. This belongs to Training Department.
B. The customer wanted these.
C. That cannot prove whether we are right or wrong.

3. Interrogative Pronoun คือ คำกลุ่มคำที่ใช้ในการตั้งคำถาม ได้แก่ who, whom, which, what ข้อสังเกตคือ who จะใช้ในกรณีเป็นประธานของประโยค ส่วน whom ใช้เป็นกรรมของประโยค ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. Who sent out this scrap report?
B. Whom do you want to hire?
C. What is the root cause of this issue?

4. Relative Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่ใช้ในการเชื่อมข้อความ ได้แก่ who, whom, that, which, whoever, whomever, whichever ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. You can invite whoever you like to attend the seminar.
B. The employees who work hard will get more money.
C. The tooling which was disqualified has been moved to scrap area.

5. Indefinite Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่ใช้ในการบ่งชี้จำนวนคนหรือสิ่งของ คำสรรพนามประเภทนี้ที่พบบ่อย ๆ ได้แก่ all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. Many were invited to join lunch meeting with management team.
B. Make sure you give everyone pay slip this evening.
C. You can do everything you want if you are the owner.

6. Reflexive Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่กล่าวอ้างถึงประธานของข้อความนั้นในประโยค ได้แก่ myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. I ask myself why I cannot find the root cause of bent stiffener.
B. We promised ourselves to finish the report before 6 pm.
C. Daneeyan usually remembers to send a copy of his e-mail to himself.

7. Intensive Pronoun คือ คำสรรพนามที่ใช้เน้นในสิ่งที่เกิดขึ้นด้วยตัวของผู้กระทำเอง คำสรรพนามประเภทนี้จะเหมือนกัน Reflexive Pronoun ดังตัวอย่างต่อไปนี้
A. I myself believe that this PCCA lot comes from Mektec, not Belton.
B. The driver himself said that there is no invoice attached with the shipment.
C. They themselves expect to get the result of evaluation lot next week.

Translation Tenchniques Found in Manufacturing Magazines

Manufacturing magazines sent to my company as monthly basis are the valuable data to understand what kinds of technique translators use to interpret the meaning from source language (English) into receptor language (Thai) or vice versa. As roughly take a look and review the data, the techniques are found as follows:

1. Adding Information
SL : The Chinese and Malaysia automotive markets are growing rapidly.
RL : ปัจจุบันตลาดรถยนต์จีนและมาเลเซียถือได้ว่ากำลังเจริญเติบโตอย่างรวดเร็ว

As can be seen, "ปัจจุบัน" and "ถือได้ว่า" are not found in SL. But, translator adds them to make the translated version explicit and to sound natural in RL.

2. Implicit to Explicit
SL : China represents an opportunity for Thai parts manufacturers to enter and penetrate these two markets.
RL : จึงเป็นโอกาสที่ผู้ผลิตชิ้นส่วนไทยจะเข้าไปเปิดตลาดทั้งสองประเทศนี้

As can bee seen in SL, the original text says "these two markets" which means "ทั้งสองตลาดนี้" in the translated text. But, translator selects "ทั้งสองประเทศนี้-these two countries" to make the meaning clearer and easier to understand for Thai readers as it sounds natural.

3. Changing Parts of Speech
SL : Therefore, the company turned to the development of its surface metal coating process to become more efficient.
RL : ดังนั้นบริษัทจึงหันมาพัฒนากระบวนการชุบโลหะที่มีอยู่แล้วให้มีประสิทธิภาพมากขึ้น

As can be seen, the word "development" must be translated as "การพัฒนา" which its parts of speech is noun. In order to sound natural, "พัฒนา" is selected for target language.

4. Omission of Sentence Connector
SL : As a result, the company expanded its working area from a few shop houses and 4-5 workers to a new factory of over 6,000 square meters area…
RL : บริษัทจึงได้ขยายพื้นที่การทำงานเพิ่มขึ้นจากเดิมที่เป็นห้องแถวมีพนักงาน 4-5 คน มาสร้างเป็นโรงงานใหม่พื้นที่กว่า 6,000 ตรม...

"As a result" is skipped in the translated version as you can see. The traslator intends to skip "as a result" because this omission will not affect the whole meaning of sentence and paragraph.

5. Switching Word Function/Location
SL : Difference is in the Expertise.
RL : ความเชี่ยวชาญคือความแตกต่าง

As can be seen, the translator changes the function of word between "difference" and "expertise" when translation is done. The "difference" as subject of sentence is changed to object of sentence while "expertise" is swithed from object to subject. This technique is also employed to make the translated text sound natural and clear.

Note : SL stands for Source Language. RL stands for Receptor Language.

To sum up, the techniques found in the translated version are mostly used to make the translated text sound natural and clear in meaning for Thai readers. The other point that we must take into account is the Thai structure and grammar which direct the impact to translation. So, the translated version sounds like it is written in Thai by Thai. This is one of the important objectives for all translators. The other techniques would be presented later in next article.

Quiz II Mark of Business Translation I

44151018 = 22 (3.7)
48151001 = 24.5 (4.1)
48151002 = 24 (4)
48151005 = 19.5 (3.3)
48151006 = 20 (3.3)
48151009 = 17 (2.8)
48151010 = 22 (3.7)
48151011 = 18.5 (3.1)
48151014 = 19.5 (3.3)
48151015 = 18.5 (3.1)
48151016 = 17.5 (2.9)
48151017 = 17 (2.8)
48151018 = 29 (4.8)
48151021 = 14 (2.3)
48151022 = 22.5 (3.8)
48151023 = 27.5 (4.8)
48151026 = 21 (3.5)
48151028 = 24.5 (4.1)
48151029 = 15.5 (2.6)
48151031 = 10 (1.7)
49151501 = 0 (0) [absent]

Vocabulary for Final Exam of Business Translation I

Here are the vocabularies being found in the final examination of Business Translation I. To facilitate your final exam, you must prepare the meaning of all words given in the picture file at your left hand side. You can double click on it. Then, the visible words are pop-up....Noted that only one meaning for one word may not be enough to suit the meaning in the given context. For sure, you must carefully check up the other meanings in a dictionary as well. It would be more beneficial and practical if you use English-English Dictionary for meaning search. Well-prepared is half-done.......

Quiz I Mark of Business Translation I

44151018 = 17 (2.8)
48151001 = 21.5 (3.6)
48151002 = 12.5 (2.1)
48151005 = 10 (1.7)
48151006 = 18.5 (3.1)
48151009 = 8.5 (1.4)
48151010 = 15 (2.5)
48151011 = 15 (2.5)
48151014 = 23 (3.8)
48151015 = 17.5 (2.9)
48151016 = 16.5 (2.8)
48151017 = 14 (2.3)
48151018 = 25 (4.2)
48151021 = 14 (2.3)
48151022 = 8.5 (1.4)
48151023 = 22 (3.7)
48151026 = 19.5 (3.3)
48151028 = 15.5 (2.6)
48151029 = 6.5 (1.1)
48151031 = 5.5 (0.9)
49151501 = 12.5 (2.1)

The second quiz score is going to be uploaded tomorrow......

Midterm Mark of Business Translation I

44151018 = 35 (21.88)
48151001 = 38 (23.75)
48151002 = 29.5 (18.44)
48151005 = 32.5 (20.31)
48151006 = 22.3 (13.91)
48151009 = 18.5 (11.56)
48151010 = 25.5 (15.94)
48151011 = 24 (15)
48151014 = 25 (15.63)
48151015 = 22.5 (14.06)
48151016 = 37.5 (23.44)
48151017 = 13 (8.13)
48151018 = 37.5 (23.44)
48151021 = 24.5 (15.31)
48151022 = 15 (9.38)
48151023 = 34 (21.25)
48151026 = 20.5 (12.81)
48151028 = 27 (16.88)
48151029 = 16 (10)
48151031 = 16.5 (10.31)
49151501 = 21.5 (13.44)

CONGRATULATIONS !!!!!! to KARNJANA who gets highest score........

For the one who cannot pass the exam, don't worry too much. Just try your best to get more score from quiz, translation project, attendance and final exam. The more you read, the more you get. CHEER UP !!!!!

Make-up Schedule

Here are our make-up schedules. Be punctual to attend the class !!!!!

Day/ Date/ Time/ Room Number/ Subject

1. Sat/ 26-Jan-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ BT
2. Sat/ 02-Feb-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ MM
3. Sat/ 09-Feb-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ BT
4. Sat/ 16-Feb-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ BT
5. Sat/ 23-Feb-08/ 08:30-11:30/ M213/ MM

Note :

MM is English for Management and Marketing.
BT is Business Translation I.

If any changes on schedule and room number, I will keep you updated.